سیاست‌های راهبردی و کلان

سیاست‌های راهبردی و کلان

شناسایی و رتبه‌بندی مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر پیشبرد شمول مالی و عدالت توزیعی در نظام بانکی ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان
محمد مهدی فتوحی رشیدی 1
محمد ندیری 2
علیرضا سارنج 2
محمدرضا جلیلوند 3
1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت مالی و حسابداری، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.
2 دانشیار، گروه مدیریت مالی و حسابداری، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.
3 استادیار، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی و کارآفرینی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.
10.30507/jmsp.2025.483458.2768
چکیده
خلق پول و توزیع ناعادلانه منابع حاصل از آن، از ویژگی‌های بانکداری مدرن به شمار می‌رود. در اقتصاد بانک‌محور ایران نیز، با وجود تأکید اسناد بالادستی و سیاست‌های کلی نظام، نظیر سیاست‌های کلی امنیت اقتصادی، سیاست‌های کلی اقتصاد مقاومتی و سیاست‌های کلی برنامه‌های پنج‌ساله توسعه اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی بر ضرورت کاهش نابرابری و دسترسی فراگیرِ منصفانه و تحقق عدالت اقتصادی؛ همچنان چالش‌های بزرگی در این مسیر، به‌ویژه در زمینه دسترسی خانوارها به تسهیلات بانکی وجود دارد. این مسئله در شرایطی است که تورم مزمن، نرخ بهره حقیقی را منفی نموده و در شرایط تحریم و در حضور نوسانات ارزی و شوک‌های قیمتی، دریافت تسهیلات ناشی از خلق پول را به‌نوعی رانت تبدیل کرده است. در چنین شرایطی به‌نظر می‌رسد که آثار توزیع ناعادلانه منابع و نارضایتی عمومی ناشی از توزیع نامناسب وام‌های سیاستی (تکلیفی) و صف‌های طولانی دریافت تسهیلات ازدواج، اشتغال، فرزندآوری، مسکن و ... در حال تشدید است. از­همین­رو در این پژوهش، ابتدا با روش کتابخانه‌ای، ابعاد شمول مالی و عدالت توزیعی در نظام بانکی، شناسایی و شاخص‌های مربوطه تدوین شد. سپس، با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی و توزیع پرسش‌نامه‌های نیمه‌باز میان ۴۰ تن از خبرگان، طی ۳ دور این شاخص‌ها تکمیل و در سه بُعد «اجماع»، «اهمیت» و «اولویت» ارزیابی و رتبه‌بندی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که برای دستیابی به سطح مطلوب شمول مالی و عدالت توزیعی و توسعه پایدار آن، سیاست‌گذاران باید بر مؤلفه‌هایی مانند «اتخاذ سیاست‌های پولی مناسب»، «بهبود رتبه‌بندی مشتریان»، «تنوع‌بخشی به دامنه وثایق»، «بهبود شاخص نظارت بانکی» و ... تمرکز کنند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
بانکداری
شمول مالی
عدالت توزیعی
اعتبارات بانکی
سیاست پولی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Identification and Ranking of Factors Influencing the Advancement of Financial Inclusion and Distributive Justice in Iran's Banking System

نویسندگان English

Mohammad Mahdi Fotouhi Rashidi 1
Mohammad Nadiri 2
Alireza Saranj 2
Mohammad Reza Jalilvand, 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Management and Accounting, Farabi Faculty, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
2 Associate Prof., Department of Management and Accounting, Farabi Faculty, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
3 Assistant Prof., Department of Management and Accounting, Farabi Faculty, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
چکیده English

The creation of money and the unequal distribution of the resources derived from it are among the defining characteristics of modern banking. In Iran's bank-oriented economy, despite the emphasis of high-level documents and overarching policies—such as the General Policies on Economic Security, the General Policies of Resistance Economy, and the General Policies of the Five-Year Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans—on the necessity of reducing inequality, ensuring equitable access, and achieving economic justice, significant challenges persist, particularly in household access to banking facilities. This issue is further exacerbated by chronic inflation, which has resulted in negative real interest rates. Under conditions of sanctions, currency fluctuations, and price shocks, access to facilities derived from money creation has effectively become a form of rent-seeking. In such circumstances, the effects of the unequal distribution of resources and public dissatisfaction due to the improper allocation of policy-driven (mandated) loans—along with the growing queues for loans related to marriage, employment, childbirth, housing, and more—appear to be intensifying. Therefore, in this study, the dimensions of financial inclusion and distributive justice in the banking system were first identified and the relevant indicators developed through a literature review. Subsequently, using the Delphi technique and semi-open questionnaires distributed among 40 experts over three rounds, these indicators were refined and assessed across three dimensions: "consensus," "importance," and "priority." The results indicated that achieving an optimal level of financial inclusion, distributive justice, and their sustainable development requires policymakers to focus on elements such as "adopting appropriate monetary policies," "improving customer credit scoring," "diversifying collateral options," "enhancing banking supervision indices," and more.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Banking
Financial Inclusion
Distributive Justice
Bank Loans
Monetary Policy

Extended abstract[aa1] 

Introduction

The activities of commercial banks in extending loans and creating money significantly influence the distribution of income and wealth. While this process often facilitates financial access for certain groups, it simultaneously exacerbates distributive inequalities, leaving underprivileged segments of society without sufficient access to essential resources. In contrast, “financial inclusion” aims to provide universal access to basic financial services, particularly for low-income groups. Distributive justice focuses on the fair allocation of financial resources based on individuals’ needs and their capacity to use these resources effectively. In Iran’s banking system, persistent challenges such as chronic inflation, negative real interest rates, economic sanctions, and budget deficits have deepened resource imbalances. These issues have led to inefficiencies in financial inclusion and shortcomings in achieving distributive justice. To mitigate these disparities, policy measures have emphasized reforming credit allocation systems and enhancing access to microloans and interest-free facilities for marginalized groups. This study examines existing literature to identify the key factors influencing financial inclusion and distributive justice in Iran’s banking system. Its objective is to establish priorities and propose actionable strategies for policymakers to address systemic imbalances, ultimately reducing inequalities in financial access at both macroeconomic and national levels.

Methods

This study is descriptive and qualitative, beginning with a comprehensive literature review of theoretical frameworks, titles, abstracts, and findings from credible studies on financial inclusion and distributive justice in the banking system. Initially, 35 factors influencing financial inclusion and distributive justice were identified and formulated into a semi-structured questionnaire. Subsequently, using the Delphi technique, the dimensions and components of advancing financial inclusion and distributive justice were refined and ranked with the participation of 40 academic and industry experts. The factors affecting financial inclusion and distributive justice in Iran were assessed and ranked in three dimensions— “consensus,” “importance,” and “priority”—using a Likert scale in each stage. In addition to scoring the initial components, the experts suggested 8 additional factors, which were evaluated and scored in the second and third rounds. A preliminary conceptual model for all 43 factors was also designed and drawn based on the theoretical framework. According to the methodological framework, factors scoring below 0.6 in the consensus dimension (on a scale of [-2, +2]) or receiving scores below 40 in the importance and priority dimensions were excluded. The conceptual model was refined and finalized accordingly. Finally, based on the priority index, policy recommendations for advancing financial inclusion and distributive justice in Iran’s banking system were ranked and presented.

Results and Discussion

After three Delphi rounds, 30 components were identified as the key factors influencing financial inclusion and distributive justice in Iran's banking system. Notably, components with the highest scores in consensus and importance indices, such as "customers’ financial affordability" and "appropriate monetary policies by the central bank," were aligned with findings from prior credible studies and recognized as critical in Iran’s banking context. Other expert-proposed components, such as "enhancing banking supervision indicators," also corresponded with previous research results. The prioritization of these components, as indicated by the third dimension of the Delphi process (priority index), highlights the need to focus on measures such as "appropriate monetary policies by the central bank (e.g., interest rate levels)," "improving credit assessment and customer rating systems," "diversifying acceptable collateral for loans," "enhancing banking supervision," and "strengthening customers’ financial affordability (e.g., job security, income, poverty alleviation, and credit ratings)." These areas should be emphasized as top priorities in strategic policymaking for advancing financial inclusion and distributive justice in Iran's banking system. However, due to the qualitative nature of this study, quantitative relationships between the identified components and policymaking priorities, or the development of quantitative models for monetary policy design, were not explored in detail. Future research is recommended to investigate these aspects. Additionally, priorities such as "collateral diversification" require independent studies to identify suitable tangible and intangible assets for collateralization within Iran’s banking framework. Furthermore, given the rapid global growth of financial technologies (fintech) and artificial intelligence, and their emphasis in Iran’s strategic policy documents, further exploration of these technologies’ roles in promoting financial inclusion and distributive justice is strongly encouraged.

Conclusion

Money creation and unfair distribution of banking facilities in Iran, compounded by chronic inflation, negative real interest rates, sanctions, and currency fluctuations, have turned access to banking loans into rent-seeking opportunities, hindering equitable access for households. This study employed the Delphi technique in three rounds to identify and rank the factors influencing financial inclusion and distributive justice in Iran's banking system. Results highlight the need for policymakers to focus on elements such as "appropriate monetary policies," "improving customer credit rating systems," "diversifying collateral options," "enhancing banking supervision," "strengthening customers' financial affordability (e.g., job security, income, and poverty reduction)," "increasing small-scale loans," and "improving transparency and financial health indicators." Such measures are essential to advancing distributive justice and achieving sustainable financial inclusion in Iran’s banking system.

 

 
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  • تاریخ دریافت 25 مهر 1403
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